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The vast majority of Bangladesh's inhabitants are Bengalis,
who are largely descended from Indo-Aryans who began to
migrate into the country from the west thousands of years
ago and who mixed within Bengal
with indigenous groups of various racial stocks. Ethnic
minorities include the Chakma and Mogh, Mongoloid peoples
who live in the Chittagong
Hill Tracts District; the Santal, mainly descended from
migrants from present-day India; and the Biharis, non-Bengali
Muslims who migrated from India
after the partition.
HUMAN
RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT |
Economic growth and human resources development is closely
correlated. The cardinal goal of human activities is essentially
human resources development. Human development, in a wider
sense, amounts to providing opportunities to the people
for realisation of the potentials of a long, healthy and
prosperous life. A healthy, skilled and educated workforce
plays an important role in improving standards of living,
reducing poverty and ensuring sustainable economic growth.
Human resources development is therefore an important
segment of the overall development agenda of the Government
of Bangladesh.
Education, training, health and social welfare activities
are the prime instruments for human resources development.
It is indeed critical to strengthen social sectors to
carry out these activities.
In spite of our resource constraints, we need to channel
more resources to this sector. Expenditure in social sectors
generates productive assets, both financial and physical,
for the poor that aid them to come out of the vicious
cycle of poverty. Moreover, the social sectors have the
potentiality to generate higher value addition to the
economy through creation of increased opportunities for
production, income and employment.
In Bangladesh, so far, five Input-Output Tables have been
constructed for the years 1976-77, 1981-82, 1986-87, 1993-94
and 1999-2000. All the tables indicate that investment
in social sectors (eg. education, health) provide higher
value addition to the gross output compared to the national
average and other sectors. All UN member countries, in
the declaration of the “World Summit on Social Development”
held at Copenhagen in 1995, reached a consensus that each
country should allocate 20% of the total public outlay
for the social sectors. Following this declaration,
Bangladesh
has been allocating more than 20% of the total government
expenditure for the social sectors. Set out below is a
table that shows the rates of value addition as percentage
of gross output by the social sectors.
|
Rate
of Generation of Value Addition in the Social Sectors |
Sectors |
Value
Added as % of Gross Output |
1976/77 |
1981/82 |
1986/87 |
1993/94 |
1999/2000 |
Education |
94.86 |
96.69 |
97.71 |
70.26 |
71.29 |
Health |
60.85 |
63.33 |
70.12 |
51.95 |
79.56 |
Others |
64.09 |
62.48 |
62.08 |
50.67 |
50.05 |
National
Average |
64.47 |
63.03 |
62.76 |
50.94 |
50.78 |
Source:
General Economics Division (GED), Planning Commission.
Government
Allocation for Social Sectors since 1991/92 to 2002/03 |
| Allocation
in Social Sectors under ADP |
Sector |
2000/01 |
2001-02 |
2002-03 |
|
1.
Education and Religions Affairs |
2285 |
2171 |
2591 |
|
2.
Health and Family Welfare |
1636 |
1443 |
1542 |
|
3.
Social Welfare, Women Affairs
& Youth Development |
188 |
173 |
220 |
|
4.
Sports and Culture |
112 |
79 |
91 |
|
5.
Labour and Manpower |
18 |
18 |
27
|
|
Sub-total
(= 1+2+3+4+5) |
4239 |
3884 |
4470 |
|
7.
As percent of ADP expenditure
(= 6/8X100) |
23.3 |
24.32 |
26.14 |
|
8.
Total ADP allocation |
18200 |
16000 |
17100 |
(In
crore Tk.)
Source: Finance Division, Ministry of Finance and Planning
Commission, Ministry of Planning. Figures are from revised
budget.
Allocation
under Revenue Budget for Social Sectors |
| Sector |
2000/01 |
2001-02 |
2002-03 |
| 9.
Education and Religions Affairs |
3614 |
3769 |
4008 |
| 10.Health
and Family Welfare |
1099 |
1286 |
1334 |
| 11.
Youth, Sports & Culture |
67 |
71 |
84 |
| 12.
Labour and Manpower |
35 |
25 |
42 |
| 13.
Social Welfare & Women Aff. |
203 |
229 |
283 |
| 14.
Sub-total (= 9+10+11+12+13) |
5018 |
5380 |
5751 |
15.
As percent of total revenue
expenditure (=14/19X100) |
24.3 |
23.7 |
22.7 |
| 16.
Total (Dev+Rev) (= 6+14) |
9257 |
9264 |
10221 |
17.
As percent of total public
expenditure (= 16/(8+19)X100) |
23.8 |
23.9 |
24.1 |
| 18.
As % of GDP (= 16/20X100) |
3.7 |
3.4 |
3.4 |
| 19.
Total revenue allocation |
20662 |
22692 |
25307 |
| 20.
GDP at market price1 |
253546 |
273201 |
300485 |
Source: Finance Division, Ministry
of Finance. Figures are from revised budget.
| Expenditure
in Education, Health and Social Sectors in 1980 and
2000 |
| Country |
As
percentage of GDP |
| |
Education |
Health |
Social
Sector |
Education |
Health |
Education |
Bangladesh*
India
Pakistan
Srilanka
Indonesia
Malayasia
Philippines
Thailand |
1.2
2.9
1.4
2.8
2.9
5.2
1.7
3.7 |
1.4
3.1
1.7
2.5
1.3
4.5
3.7
4.0 |
0.6
0.9
0.7
2.0
0.7
1.5
0.6
0.8 |
0.4
1.3
0.7
1.6
0.5
1.2
0.4
1.5 |
1.8
5.6
2.6
10.3
4.5
8.9
3.3
5.5 |
3.6
6.3
2.6
7.4
6.2
8.6
5.2
7.6 |
| Expenditure
in Education, Health and Social Sectors in 1980 and
2000 |
| Country |
As
percentage of total government expenditure |
| |
Education |
Health |
Social
Sector |
Education |
Health |
Education |
Bangladesh*
India
Pakistan
Srilanka
Indonesia
Malayasia
Philippines
Thailand |
11.5
11.6
7.7
6.7
11.0
18.3
13.0
16.7 |
9.3
11.2
7.2
9.6
6.4
21.6
18.6
22.4 |
6.4
3.5
3.2
4.9
2.6
5.1
4.5
3.4 |
2.8
4.8
3.0
6.4
2.3
5.9
2.3
8.4 |
18.2
22.0
11.4
25.0
16.8
31.1
24.9
24.8 |
23.8
22.4
10.8
29.1
30.7
41.4
26.2
42.1 |
Economic
and Social Survey of Asia and the Pacific 2003; Asia-Pacific
Economies: Resilience in Challenging Times; United
Nations.
Figures for 2000 are the average of the revised allocation
in FY1999-2000 and FY2000-01. |
| |
1980–90
|
1990–2001 |
Gross
domestic product
average
annual % growth |
4.3 |
4.9 |
Agriculture
average annual % growth
|
2.7 |
3.1 |
Industry
average annual % growth
|
4.9 |
7.2 |
Manufacturing
average annual % growth
|
3.0 |
7.0 |
Services
average annual % growth
|
4.4 |
4.6 |
| Overseas
Employment Statistics |
| year
|
Porfessional
|
Skilled
Worker |
Semi-Skilled
Worker |
Un-Skilled
Woker |
Total |
Recruiting
Agent |
Individual |
| 1998 |
9574 |
74718 |
51590 |
13785 |
267667 |
85300 |
181948 |
| 1999 |
8045 |
98449 |
44947 |
116741 |
268182 |
110669 |
157204 |
| 2000 |
10669 |
99606 |
26461 |
18950 |
222686 |
91475 |
130686 |
| 2001
(jan-oct) |
4664 |
37891 |
27007 |
90845 |
160407 |
65221 |
95085 |
|
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| Sources |
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